性社会学研究 | Culture, Health & Sexuality 英文文献编译（一）

【编者按】

　　性社会学，只不过是社会学的一个弱小分支。在西方，它发展不过百年，学者不过百人；在中国则更是历史短而人数少，但是，它研究的却是人类生活中发生最频繁、体验最深刻、意义最广泛的重大活动之一。人类智慧数千年来对于自身的几乎一切认识和争论，都可以在“性”（sexuality）这里得到集中的体现：精神与肉体、个人与社会、美与丑、生命与死亡，等等，不一而足。不妨说，“性”是研究人类的最佳切入点之一。

　　在2019年，性研究ing将在介绍会议论文及其他重要原创性研究成果之余，推出“性社会学研究文献回顾”栏目，介绍发表在中英文期刊上的部分性研究文献（仅摘编题目与摘要），为学术研究提供一些检索便利，也方便了解中文的研究语境。中文文献的梳理偏重中国大陆，以五年为间隔，以社会学与人类学领域为主。英文文献以 Culture, Health and Sexuality 为主，介绍最新期刊的论文情况。

　　本期编译的是《文化、健康与性》（Culture, Health and Sexuality）杂志的第21卷2019年第3期，共包括7篇论文，1篇评述，1个简报。具体发表信息可见文章末尾“阅读原文”链接。

论文：

01

罗马尼亚农村妇女的怀孕体验：

理解种族和社会经济差异

Katherine LeMasters, Anne Baber Wallis,

Razvan Chereches et al.

　　罗马尼亚农村妇女在健康议题上面临显著的不利。本研究作为探索性的定性研究，聚焦罗马尼亚妇女的生活体验，通过探究农村社区的妇女如何经历怀孕、她们与医疗保健系统的互动，以及种族和社会因素在怀孕和生育过程中的作用，对罗马尼亚农村妇女怀孕期间经历的结构性劣势进行描述。我们与卫生及其他相关领域的专业人员进行了42次半结构化访谈，与罗马尼亚及非罗马尼亚妇女进行了7次叙述性访谈，组织了1次罗马尼亚妇女的焦点组讨论，并对访谈材料进行了主题分析。研究发现以下与妇女怀孕体验相关的交叉因素：妇女们对怀孕的看法（认为怀孕既是计划外的又是她们想要的，是快乐的、正常的）；妇女和专业人员对孕期护理的不同理解；与交通和费用相关的孕期护理障碍；社会经济和种族歧视；孕期护理的促进因素，如社会支持、健康调解员和医生。与专业人员以及罗马尼亚和非罗马尼亚妇女直接对话帮助我们理解这些因素、理解它们是如何相互关联的，以及我们能够如何努力改善罗马尼亚农村妇女的怀孕体验。

Pregnancy experiences of women in rural Romania: understanding ethnic and socioeconomic disparities

Women in rural Romania face significant health disadvantages. This qualitative pilot study describes the structural disadvantage experienced during pregnancy by women in rural Romania, focusing on the lived experiences of Roma women. We explore how women in rural communities experience pregnancy, their interactions with the healthcare system, and the role that ethnic and social factors play in pregnancy and childbearing. We conducted 42 semi-structured interviews with health and other professionals, seven narrative interviews with Roma and non-Roma women and a focus group with Roma women. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. We identified intersectional factors associated with women’s pregnancy experiences: women perceiving pregnancy as both unplanned and wanted, joyful, and normal; women’s and professionals’ differing prenatal care perceptions; transport and cost related barriers to care; socioeconomic and ethnic discrimination; and facilitators to care such as social support, having a health mediator and having a doctor. Talking directly with professionals and Roma and non-Roma women helped us understand these many factors, how they are interconnected, and how we can work towards improving the pregnancy experiences of Roma women in rural Romania.　

02

冲突的男性避孕规范：

男女责任平等还是女性身体自主？

Laurie James-Hawkins, Cristen Dalessandro 

& Christie Sennott

　　大多数关于异性恋男女双方如何协商进行避孕措施的研究重点关注女性的观点。本研究通过对美国西部一所大学的44名男性进行访谈，考察了男性参与避孕措施和怀孕预防的规范，以及他们对这些规范的回应。研究发现关于性健康决策和女性身体自主的相互对抗的规范带来了意料之外的结果：即破坏了年轻人对平等性关系的追求。虽然男性基本上同意性健康决策的责任应该由女性分担，但他们也认为女性应该对自己的身体和性健康拥有权力。然而，这两种相互对抗的规范的共存——同时要求决策中的责任平等和女性的身体自主——导致了认为性健康决策应该平等但并不总是平等地参与的男人们之间的不一致。因此，男性在很大程度上把避孕决策权交给女性，让女性承担预防怀孕的责任，而使男性摆脱困境。结论是，男性对于这些相互对抗的规范的谈判强化了权力和两性关系的不平等。

Conflicting contraceptive norms for men: 

equal responsibility versus 

women’s bodily autonomy

Most research investigating how men and women in heterosexual relationships negotiate contraceptive use focuses on the women’s point of view. Using a sample of 44 interviews with men attending a western US university, this study examines norms governing men’s participation in contraceptive use and pregnancy prevention and their responses to those norms. The paper demonstrates how competing norms around sexual health decision-making and women’s bodily autonomy contribute to unintended outcomes that undermine young people’s quest for egalitarian sexual relationships. While men largely agree that responsibility for sexual health decision-making should be shared with women, they also believe that women should have power over their own bodies and sexual health. However, the coexistence of these two competing norms – which call for both equal responsibility in decision-making and women’s bodily autonomy – results in a disconnect between men saying that sexual health decision-making should be equal, but not always participating equally. Thus, men largely give contraceptive decision-making power over to women, putting the burden of pregnancy prevention onto women and letting men off the hook. It is concluded that men’s negotiation of these competing norms reinforces unequal power and inequality in sexual relationships.

03

需求话语vs权利话语：

家庭照料者对南非智力缺陷青年的“性”的反应

Callista K. Kahonde, Judith McKenzie 

& Nathan J. Wilson

　　大多数智力缺陷者仍然受到其家庭的终生照顾和支持，但是探索他们在家庭环境中的“性”的研究却存在空白。人们对家庭照料者的反应如何体现用人权方法对待智力缺陷者的“性”知之甚少，尤其是在南非。本研究使用建构主义扎根理论的方法，探讨25个南非家庭照料者如何对他们照顾的有智力缺陷的青年的“性”做出反应。研究表明，家庭照料者优先考虑的不是这些青年的性自主权利，而是他们所认定的自己和青年的迫切需求。在人权方法指导下的专业人员，需要去理解个人和家庭环境，以便更好地与家庭照料者合作，从而支持智力缺陷者实现其性权利。在家庭照料者决定智力缺陷青年的性需求的背景下，我们运用两种需求理论来阐明以需求为中心的伦理和人权方法之间的冲突。

Discourse of needs versus discourse of rights: 

family caregivers responding to the sexuality of young South African adults with intellectual disability

Although most people with intellectual disability remain under the lifelong care and support of their families, there is a hiatus in research that explores the sexuality of people with intellectual disability within the family setting. Little is known about how the responses of family caregivers align with a human rights approach to the sexuality of people with intellectual disability, particularly in the South African context. This study used a constructivist grounded theory approach to explore how 25 South African family caregivers responded to the sexuality of their young adults with intellectual disability. Findings revealed that family caregivers prioritise what they deem as being the immediate needs of themselves and the young adults, over the young adults’ rights to sexual autonomy. Practitioners, guided by the human rights approach, need to understand the individual and family context so as to better collaborate with family caregivers in supporting people with intellectual disability to realise their sexual rights. We apply two theories of needs to illuminate the conflict between needs-centred ethics and human rights approaches in a context where the family caregivers are the ones determining the sexuality needs of young adults with intellectual disability.

04

老年人如何谈论他们自己的“性”？

——对定性研究的系统综述

Ateret Gewirtz-Meydan, Trish Hafford-Letchfield, 

Liat Ayalon et al.

　　本研究通过回顾该议题下已发表的定性研究，描述老年人对老年之“性”的态度与担忧。文章根据预先确定的方案对2015年11月至2016年6月期间的定性研究进行了系统的综述。运用关键词搜索的策略以保障检索的精确。在18个数据库里基于经验研究的定性文献中，共有20篇符合纳入标准。我们运用托马斯和哈登的主题综合法确定“分析主题”以总结这一系列文献，三大主题如下：（a）老年之“性”的社会合法性；（b）真正影响“性”的不是年龄而是健康；（c）插入型性交的霸权。这些主题说明了“变老”和“性”之间复杂而微妙的关系。面临影响性功能的健康问题的老年人对性和性活动采用了更宽泛的定义。

How do older people discuss their own sexuality? 

A systematic review of qualitative research studies

This study captured older people’s attitudes and concerns about sex and sexuality in later life by synthesising qualitative research published on this issue. The systematic review was conducted between November 2015 and June 2016 based on a pre-determined protocol. Key words were used to ensure a precise search strategy. Empirically based, qualitative literature from 18 databases was found. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria. Thomas and Harden’s thematic synthesis was used to generate ‘analytical themes’ which summarise this body of literature. Three main themes were identified: (a) social legitimacy for sexuality in later life; (b) health, not age, is what truly impacts sexuality, and (c) the hegemony of penetrative sex. The themes illustrate the complex and delicate relation between ageing and sexuality. Older adults facing health issues that affect sexual function adopt broader definitions of sexuality and sexual activity.

05

表演纯洁：

秘鲁伊基托斯受寨卡病毒威胁社区中的

生殖决策及其影响

Lucia Guerra-Reyes & Ruth A. Iguiñiz-Romero

　　寨卡病毒的长期管理和预防要求理解生殖和性健康行为，包括性伴侣决策机制。本文报告了一项寨卡病毒到达伊基托斯之前所进行的定性研究。我们评估了寨卡病毒威胁下的社区中男女性伴侣之间现有的生殖决策模式，并讨论了这些模式对预防寨卡病毒的长期影响。我们使用了快速定性评估方法，包括与处于伴侣关系中的女性（28）和男性（21）进行半结构式深度访谈。性别角色期望的高度不平等限制了对生殖决策的讨论，直到第一个孩子出生。女性需要扮演家庭中的“内务”角色才能被视为合适的伴侣，从而导致她们隐藏自己关于性和生殖健康的知识。避孕套象征着风险，在忠诚的关系中不被伴侣使用。认为男性必须照顾女性伴侣性健康的普遍观点转化为男性压制了女性欲望的性和生殖偏好。现有的决策模式导致寨卡病毒暴露风险增加。除了应对性别不平等带来的更广泛的社会挑战之外，长期应对措施还应包括向男性和年轻人传播关于寨卡病毒及其预防的知识。

Performing purity: reproductive decision-making and implications for a community under threat of zika in iquitos, Peru

The long-term management and prevention of Zika virus requires understanding of reproductive and sexual health behaviours, including mechanisms of partnered decision-making. In this article, we report on a qualitative study conducted before the arrival of Zika in Iquitos, Peru. We assessed existing patterns of reproductive decision-making among partnered men and women in a community under threat of Zika and discuss how these may impact Zika prevention in the long-term. We used a rapid qualitative assessment methodology, including in-depth semi-structured interviews with partnered women (28) and men (21). Deeply unequal gender role expectations limit discussion of reproductive decisions until after a first child is born. Women needed to perform a domestic ‘of-the-house’ role to be considered suitable partners, leading them to hide their knowledge of sexual and reproductive health. Condoms symbolise risk and are unused with partners in committed relationships. A shared perception that men must take care of female partner’s sexual health, translates into male sexual and reproductive preferences overcoming female desires. Existing decision-making patterns lead to an increased risk of Zika exposure. Long-term response should expand Zika virus information and preventive messages to men and young people, in addition to engaging with broader societal challenges to gender inequity.

06

在刚果（金）南基伍的脆弱环境中

引导生育、生殖和现代避孕：“孩子就是财富”

Mari Dumbaugh, Wyvine Bapolisi, 

Ghislain Bisimwa et al.

　　现代避孕方法在刚果（金）南基伍省为重新构想生殖规范创造了新的可能性，并产生了新的社会文化不确定性。通过对女性生殖叙事的归纳分析，本文探讨了处于高生育率环境中的女性是如何遭遇并把最近引入的计划生育和现代避孕教育及服务纳入其生活的。随着基本社会文化规范面临避孕带来的新的生殖可能性，规范和权利动态变化受到质疑，需要重新解释和重新磋商。生殖是一个社会建构的过程，处于生育规范、权力动态、制度实践、具体现实和个人欲望的交汇点。在许多方面，避孕创造的可能性——意在增加使用者生活的确定性——实际上增加了不确定性。生殖导航的复杂性揭示了生殖理论以及健康和发展论述的缺点，这些论述将妇女和男人视为自主决策者，使他们脱离了实现其生殖生活的多种影响因素、历史和权力动态。

Navigating fertility, reproduction and modern contraception in the fragile context of South Kivu, Democratic Republic of Congo: 

‘Les enfants sont une richesse’

Modern contraception has created new possibilities for reimagining reproductive norms and has generated new socio-cultural uncertainties in South Kivu province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Using inductive analysis of women’s reproductive narratives, this paper explores how women in a high fertility context encounter and integrate recently introduced family planning and modern contraceptive education and services into their lives. As foundational socio-cultural norms confront the new reproductive possibilities offered by contraception, power dynamics shift and norms are called into question, re-interpreted and re-negotiated. Reproduction is located as a socially constructed process at the intersection of fertility norms, power dynamics, institutional practices, embodied realties and personal desires. In many ways the possibilities created by contraception – meant to increase certainty in the lives of users – actually increase uncertainty. The complexity of reproductive navigation reveals the shortcomings of reproductive theory and health and development discourses which view women and men as autonomous decision makers, removing them from the multiplicity of influencing factors, histories and power dynamics within which they realise their reproductive lives.

07

追求亲密：

南非的残疾污名、女性气质和亲密伴侣关系

Ingrid Van der Heijden, Jane Harries 

& Naeemah Abrahams

　　女性气质的概念把阴柔、“性”、母性和关爱等自然化了的意识形态反复灌输给人们。本文探究在南非，残疾污名如何与女性气质交织而成为亲密伴侣关系的特征。我们在开普敦的非正式聚居点对30名患有残疾的女性进行了深度访谈。研究表明，残疾污名可能阻碍南非残疾女性获得规范的女性气质和性关系。遇到可能的性伴侣的有限机会、占据霸权地位的性别期望，和受限制的性和身体接触塑造了她们的亲密伴侣关系。然而，残疾女性也挑战了对常态的“非残疾”建构、动摇了对残疾女性气质的负面想象。因此，亲密伴侣暴力的理论模型应该考虑残疾对构建亲密伴侣的“性”和规范的影响。基于残疾女性的避免污名战略将有助于促进更好的关系结果。对更广泛的社会、社区、残疾女性及其伴侣、家庭和护理者的社会规范干预有助于打破残疾女性无法建立持久充实的性和亲密伴侣关系的假设。此外，易得的关于亲密关系、亲密伴侣暴力、孕产妇护理和性与生殖保健等相关议题的性教育和信息有助于保障残疾女性的健康以及安全的亲密伴侣关系。

In pursuit of intimacy: disability stigma, womanhood and intimate partnerships in South Africa

Notions of womanhood inculcate naturalised ideologies of femininity, sexuality, motherhood and caregiving. The paper asks how disability stigma intersects with womanhood to characterise intimate partnerships in South Africa. In-depth interviews with 30 women with a range of disabilities were conducted in informal settlements in Cape Town. Findings suggest that disability stigma may hamper attainment of normative womanhood and sexual relationships for women with disabilities in South Africa. Limited opportunities to meet potential partners, hegemonic gender expectations and restricted sexual and physical contact shape their intimate partnerships. However, women with disabilities also challenge ableist constructs of normalcy and discredit negative images of disabled womanhood. Because of this, theoretical models of intimate partner violence should consider the influence of disability on constructions of sexuality and norms in intimate partnerships. Building on women with disabilities’ stigma-avoidance strategies will help facilitate better relationship outcomes. Social norms interventions with broader society, communities, women with disabilities and their partners, family and carers can help destabilise assumptions that women with disabilities are unable to have long-lasting and fulfilling sexual and intimate partnerships. Moreover, accessible and relevant sexuality education and information on relationships, intimate partner violence, maternal and sexual and reproductive health care can ensure healthy and safe intimate partnerships for women with disabilities.

评论：

08

酷儿家庭：重视逆境、多元和归属的故事

Christy E. Newman

　　2017年的澳大利亚婚姻法邮政调查使我们想起了一件讨厌的事情：家庭和酷儿的“性”两个概念仍然被许多人认为是不相容的。然而，支持婚姻平权的运动也提供了记录和传播关于家庭中酷儿归属的故事的机会。本文基于社会研究的新发现，提出了三种理解和重视家庭对于LGBTQ群体的意义的新方法。本文认为，在后婚姻平权的背景下，是时候学会接受和赞美每个群体中、包括不同形式的家庭中存在的差异了。

Queer families: 

valuing stories of adversity, diversity and belonging

The 2017 Australian Marriage Law Postal Survey provided an unwelcome reminder that the concepts of queer sexuality and family life continue to be viewed as incompatible by many. However, campaigns in support of marriage equality also provide opportunities to document and disseminate stories of queer belonging within families. This commentary proposes three new ways of understanding and valuing accounts of what family means to LGBTQ communities, based on emerging findings from social research studies. It argues that in post-marriage equality contexts, it is time to learn to accept and to celebrate the differences that exist within every community, including within the diverse forms of families that are made.

简报：

09

阴道卫生实践与“性”的型塑

Ladan Rahbari

　　虽然不同形式的阴道清洁实践在世界各地很普遍，但关于伊朗女性相关经历的研究却很少。本研究采用生活故事的方法，详细描述了一名伊朗女性的阴道实践经验以及养护在塑造对女性外阴和“性”的态度方面所起的作用。研究解释了关于女性特质、卫生和道德身体的性别化观念是如何相互关联的。对阴道实践，例如外阴清洗、阴道内清洁或冲洗、物品的插入和应用、脱毛等进行了讨论。受访者利用宗教和文化框架以及卫生话语来解释阴道清洁的制度。这些讲述揭示了这些实践无论是对于“性”的型塑，还是对于身体、女性特质和性行为的自我感知都非常重要。

Vaginal hygiene practices and the formation of sexuality

Although different forms of vaginal cleansing practices are common throughout the world, studies relating to Iranian women’s experiences are scarce. This study uses the life-story method to give a thick description of one Iranian woman’s experience of vaginal practices, and the role nurturing plays in shaping attitudes towards the female genitalia and sexual formation. The study addresses how gendered ideas about femininity, hygiene and the moral body are interconnected. Vaginal practices such as external washing, intravaginal cleaning or douching, the application and insertion of substances and hair removal are discussed. The interviewee draws on religious and cultural frameworks as well as hygiene discourses to explain vaginal cleansing regimes. The narrative reveals the importance of practices not only in the formation of sexuality, but also in self-perceptions of the body, femininity and sexual behaviour.

往期

回顾